An Issue Of Procrastination And Stress Levels - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1245 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Procrastination Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This study examines the correlation between levels of procrastination and levels of stress. Data was gathered to conclude whether or not procrastination levels had a correlational relationship with stress levels. Participants took part in a three part study which included a demographic survey, a procrastination questionnaire, and Cohenrs perceived stress scale questionnaire. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Procrastination And Stress Levels" essay for you Create order Results concluded that there was no statistically significant correlation between levels of procrastination and levels of stress. Future research should include a variety of other factors like declared major, economic status, if the participant has other responsibilities including multiple jobs, and whether or not the participant lives on campus or commutes. Introduction Literature Review The study conducted by Beleaua and Cocorada (2016) further explored the hypothesis that procrastination leads to negative factors including higher levels of stress. In their research they theorized that individuals who report higher levels of procrastination would in turn, have higher levels of stress. College students were given stress and procrastination questionnaires. Results found that there was a correlation between procrastination and stress. Participants who had high levels of procrastination also had higher levels of stress (Beleaua Cocorada, 2016). Research by Tice and Baumeister (1997) looked into the effects of procrastination on stress and illness in a college setting. Results showed that procrastination scores were correlated with stress. The negative correlations found meant that procrastinators showed lower stress levels and fewer illness symptoms than non-procrastinators (Tice Baumeister, 1997). Szabo and Marian (2018) conducted a study to find correlations between procrastination and stress levels regarding college students during finals week. Using methods as the previous two studies, results found that those participants with increased levels of procrastination also had higher levels of stress than those who did not (Szabo Marian, 2018). Jackson, Weiss, and Lundquist (2000) researched the hypothesis that procrastination had a significant correlation with stress. Results of their study showed that there was a significant correlation between both, meaning that higher levels of procrastination were accompanied with higher levels of stress (Jackson et al., 2000). All studies sought out to find a correlation between procrastination and stress levels. All but one found those with higher levels of procrastination also had higher levels of reported stress. Hypotheses In this study, it was hypothesized that higher levels of procrastination would result in higher levels of stress. It was also hypothesized that participants who showed lower levels of procrastination would also show lower levels of stress. Also, it was hypothesized that demographic factors would not have a significant correlation with procrastination nor stress levels. Method Participants As shown in Table 1, there was a total of 29 participants. Of those 29 participants, 15 identified as male and 14 identifies as female. Of the 29 participants, 6 reported that they were Freshman, 8 reported that they were Sophomores, 7 reported that they were Juniors, and 8 reported that they were Seniors. The demographic survey concluded that 4 participants were White, 11 were Hispanic, 10 were African American, 1 was Asian, and 3 were classified as other. Of the 29 participants, 13 fell between the ages of 18 and 20, 8 fell between 21 and 24, and 6 were 25 years or older. Materials Materials used in this study contained a demographic survey that included gender, year, ethnicity, and age. The demographic survey was a multiple choice formatted questionnaire in which each letter represented a different answer choice. A five question pr ocrastination survey was made for this study to measure procrastination within participants. Stress levels were measured with the use of Cohenrs Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The stress scale consists of a five item questionnaire in which answers consist of a scale from 0-4, 0 depicting never and 4 depicting very often. The PSS has an alpha coefficient of 0.72, meaning it has good internal consistency and reliability. Procedure Participants were chosen in a public setting. Possible participants were approached and asked if they wanted to part take in a research study for Kean Universityrs psychology program. Participants were given a consent form stating that he or she had no obligation to participate in the study and they had the option to opt out at any given time if they decided to. It was reiterated that completion of their participation was not mandatory. Once the participant signed the consent form, the purpose of the study was thoroughly explained to them along with the steps they would be partaking in. First, participants were given a demographic survey in which the participant had 1-2 minutes to complete. Afterwards, the participant was given 2 questionnaires including the procrastination and the stress questionnaire. Participants were given up to five minutes to complete both questionnaires. Upon completion, demographic surveys, and both questionnaires were collected. Debriefing forms were handed out and explained. Participants were told that if they had any questions, concerns, or were in need of counseling due to any factor regarding the study they would contact the head faculty or the Kean University counseling center at any given time. Results Inferential A pearson correlation found no significant relationship between procrastination and stress. As can be seen in Table 2, the correlation between procrastination and stress failed to reach significance (r=.11, p=.58). Thus, the hypothesis that higher levels of procrastination would result in higher levels of stress was not confirmed. The hypothesis that lower levels of procrastination would result in lower levels of stress also failed to be confirmed. Data found no significant relationship between GPA, procrastination, and stress (r=.35, p=.06). Thus, the hypothesis that demographic factors like GPA would not have a significant relationship with procrastination or stress was confirmed. Discussion Relate to Hypothesis The hypothesis that procrastination and stress levels would be correlated failed to reach statistical significance. Therefore, the theory that higher levels of procrastination would result in higher levels of stress was not confirmed. The hypothesis that lower levels of pro crastination would result in lower levels of stress was also not confirmed. Contrary to the findings of this study, the research conducted by Tice and Baumeister (1997) showed that procrastination scores were correlated with stress. The study by Jackson, Weiss, and Lundquist (2000) also confirmed the hypothesis that there was a correlation between procrastination and stress. Results of their study showed that there was a significant correlation between both, meaning that higher levels of procrastination were accompanied with higher levels of stress. This study did not have similar findings. In fact, this study had the opposite findings, and failed to confirm the relationship between both procrastination and stress. Limitations Limitations included a small sample size of 29 participants which affected the external validity because sample data could not be used to generalize an entire population. All participants were college students. Therefore, data could not relate to those who do not fit that criteria including senior citizens, and other groups. Internal validity was also skewed by the small sample size and the selection. In this study participants consisted of only Kean University students. The data could differ if participants consisted of individuals in another college campuses. Future Research Future research for this study should include a larger sample size so that findings will better generalize the college population. Also, other factors can be used to better specify certain findings. Factors can include the participants declared major, economic status, if the participant has other responsibilities including multiple jobs, and whether or not the participant lives on campus or commutes. A confidence survey can also be used to depict whether or not there is a correlation between confidence levels and stress or procrastination. Research can be expanded by having participants from different college campuses so that the results wont be limited to certain individuals and can better generalize a larger group of people.

Ethics Ethics And Ethics - 1431 Words

Alexa Cameron December 28, 2015 Ethics Program Ethics Simply put, ethics are moral and appropriate behavior in the workplace. A typical misconception is that ethics and legality are synonymous; however, not all unethical action is illegal and can typically be controlled within an organization. The following program will help to establish and clarify a basis for a proper code of ethics for this organization. Ethics are important because it helps to define and strengthen the culture of an organization. The culture of an organization is vital for providing quality goods and services, which determines the sustainability of the organization’s operations and ultimately the success or failure of the organization. My role as the†¦show more content†¦When an employee will be late to or absent from work, the manager is to be notified in accordance with the established procedure of the employee s office or department. Absences without authorization will result in leave without pay and may be cause for disciplinary action, up to a nd including dismissal. An accurate daily record of all hours worked and leave taken must be kept. When completing a timesheet, an employee should round all hours worked and leave taken to the nearest one-quarter of an hour. Falsification of any attendance report is grounds for disciplinary action, including dismissal. At the end of each pay period, employees are required to total their work and leave hours, certify the accuracy of their record and timesheet, and submit to their immediate manager or team leader for review and approval. Sexual Harassment Every employee shall be afforded the opportunity to work in an environment free from unwelcome sexual advances, and protected from any verbal, written or physical requests or conduct of a sexual nature. The policy of this organization shall be zero tolerance for any form of sexual harassment. This organization does not condone or tolerate sexually offensive or any harassing behavior of its employees. Any employee who has been a victim of such harassment should immediately notify their team leader, manager, and/or the head of their department, or human resources. Employees who are found to have sexually harassed or knowingly

Compare and Contrast Genesis and Penetrating to the...

Topic # 3 Compare and Contrast â€Å"Genesis† and â€Å"Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest†, Looking at both myth and short story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although there are many similarities present, a distinct difference is made between â€Å"Genesis† and quot;Penetrating to the Heart of the Forestquot; in that â€Å"Genesis† is a mythical narrative while quot;Penetrating to the Heart of the Forestquot; is an adaptation of a mythic story (Adam and Eve) in the form of a short story. When comparing and contrasting these two stories we see similarities in storyline, themes, symbols, differences in detail, and the extent and significance of the stories themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When deciding whether these†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Genesis† is able to fit the origins of life’s everyday occurrences, such as human curiosity, sin, good and evil, and a woman’s pain in childbirth into four chapters. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest† is an adaptation of the story of Adam and Eve in â€Å"Genesis,† however; it cannot be classified as a myth because of its deviation from the story in the Bible and the clear presence of short story traits. While the similarities between â€Å"Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest† and the story of Adam and Eve in â€Å"Genesis† are apparent in the setting and themes, â€Å"Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest† lacks the explanation of creation and many of the fictitious aspects of â€Å"Genesis†. â€Å"Penetrating to the Heart of the Forest† contains many opposites to â€Å"Genesis† in that it has very descriptive writing style, both round and flat characters, and numerous amounts of other requirements for a short story. Descriptive detailed writing is seen when looking at the forest and village: â€Å"The straw-thatched villages looked like inhabited ga rdens, for the soil was of amazing richness and flora proliferated in such luxuriance† (Carter 53). Another evident example of short story characteristics is the presence of both static characters, like Dubois and the villagers, and dynamic characters, such as Emile and Madeline. When looking at these two narratives, weShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPhil, 1955III. Title. HM786.M33 2007 302.3’5—dc22 2006022347 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12.5 pt sabon by 72 Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Modernist organization theory: back to the futureRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessituation with Emilio and Juanita, you might have quickly agreed to let Emilio taste the water first to see whether it had Giardia. Perhaps only later would you have thought about the consequence of his becoming too sick to hike back out of the forest. Would you have been able to carry him back to safety? Faced with a question of what to do or believe, logical reasoners try to weigh the pros and cons if they have the time; they search around for reasons that might favor their conclusion whileRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesinteracting with other departments to minimize manufacturing problems. Project management reduces suboptimization among functional areas and induces cooperation. Both company and department goals can be achieved. It puts an end to the can t see the forest for the trees syndrome. Harold Grimes, plant manager I think that formal project management will give us more work than longterm benefits. History indicates that we hire more outside people for new positions than we promote from within. Who will

Aristotle s Views On Happiness - 1394 Words

Happiness Happiness. It is not measurable, profitable, nor tradable. Yet, above all else in the world, it is what people seek. There are many claims that happiness can be achieved through money, yet many challenge that theory. The modern definition of happiness claimed by the dictionary is â€Å"feelings of joy and pleasure mingled together†. In other words, it is claimed to be a state of mind. However, Aristotle proposed that, rather than being a state of emotion throughout life, happiness is the final destination. Even after 2,300 years, Aristotle’s philosophy is still respected. But, despite what others may claim or object this philosophy, this is the actual meaning of happiness. One may say that money can buy happiness through great inventions and endless greeds. Dropping a ton of cash on something extravagant doesn’t give it the special feeling after a while due to the fact that they’re so used to having it around and that it becomes just another object. A be tter use of money that generally creates more happiness is â€Å"spending their money on experiences [rather] than on stuff† (Gillespie). Spending it on a new phone or TV leads to activities that are done more lonesome such as watching videos or playing solitary games. Buying moments or â€Å"experiences that make you happier before they even happen† are more valuable than mere possessions (Gillespie). In fact, the day before the event of going out or for a vacation is the happiest for many rather than the actual event itself.Show MoreRelatedAristotle s Views On Happiness2248 Words   |  9 Pages Happiness is the fundamental objective of life. This bold statement is unanimously agreed upon among generations of people on every corner of our planet. However, the real question that has been contested for centuries is the true meaning of happiness? The true meaning of happiness is one of the most highly debated philosophy topics in history. 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In my philosophy like Aristotle, I believe in Aristotle’s views on happiness and human flourishing with his philosophy. (Aristotle 4) I also believe in some of Kant’s philosophy through his concept of its our duty to live up to our highest moral capacity. (Kant 3) I believe it will make the world a better place in the sense that

Bathroom Reading free essay sample

In a culture that’s filled with an incessant call to action, it is paramount that we stop from time to time to think. This may sound like common sense, but in a fast-paced world it’s hard to find time to stop and consider things for more than a few minutes. Throughout my hectic high school career I have made a point of doing what many people fail to do on a daily basis: reflect and assess my life and decisions. I am a thinker. I analyze, postulate, and contemplate– sometimes too much– but always with the intention of learning something new about myself. You might be surprised to learn that I do my best thinking not, in the classroom, not in my bedroom, but in the bathroom. The bathroom has always been a place where I can sit and relax in peace, an oasis of calm and contemplation. The closest thing to an interruption is a polite knock on the door, and a soft quiet is continually maintained. We will write a custom essay sample on Bathroom Reading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bathrooms are kept diligently clean, and ample mirrors provide for sufficient self inspection. In short, the bathroom is the ideal place for introspection and critical thought. My bathroom, which is situated a brief walk down the hall from my bedroom, is a wonderful, pristine chamber where I take solace in silence and retreat from the stresses of my life. After a long day of high school and homework, clubs and activities, I head to my bathroom to think and reflect about the day past and the days ahead. In fact, I do some of my best thinking in the bathroom. Everything from ideas for novels, screenplays, songs and movies, from what to eat for lunch are considered when I take refuge in the bathroom. Solutions to longstanding problems come to me in epiphanies while staring into the symmetrical, blue-tiled floor. I achieve new understandings of books that I have read while looking up at the ivory coated walls. I ruminate on my friends and family, and what they mean to me. I even realize the numerous mistakes and errors that I have recently made, and attempt to resolve my flaws. The thinking I do in the bathroom– whether it be asinine fantasies about my future as a rock star, or the sorry realization that my mother was in fact correct– is important to me. Taking the time to think and reflect has kept me grounded during my high school career, allowing me to make good decisions and stay focused on what is important to me. Instead of living my life blindly and complacently, I have made a choice to think deeply and keep things in perspective. To me, the bathroom is not a place to escape the challenges of reality, but rather a place to embrace and conquer those challenges through the power of human ingenuity. I know that when I leave home for college, and eventually leave college for the real world, critical thought will remain a constant in my life. No matter what I end up doing with my life–whether it be law, film, or literature–there will always be a clean, quiet bathroom down the hall. And for me, that bathroom will always provide the opportunity to better myself through critical thought.

Battle of the Sexes free essay sample

The concept of being a man, and the idea of manliness, has been debatable in recent decades due to acts of feminism. Paul Theroux wrote Being a Man and was very opinionated as he said the idea of manliness was wrong and oppressive. Harvey Mansfield wrote The Partial Eclipse of Manliness, and stated that the concept of being manly has diminished and been overpowered by feminism. Both of these readings have provided valid and doubtful points in the discussion of what constitutes being manly, as well as how North American culture views the stereotypical man. Both authors are very opinionated and biased in their readings as they do not have any outside sources supporting their beliefs, but they do make effective arguments which further their attitude and outlook on manliness. In Paul Theroux’s reading Being a Man, it is stated that man can be categorized as stupid, arrogant, and much like pre-historic cavemen. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of the Sexes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Theroux continued to say that if someone were born as a man, there would be limits of what he is physically, emotionally, and mentally capable of. His highly personal view of how men act relates to a time when men were expected to aspire to be the so-called perfect man. The stereotypical perfect man is theoretically defined as brash, built, strong, athletic, and overall a poor loser when it involves any form of competition. It is also claimed that the typical man should be stupid, unfeeling, obedient, and ultimately soldierly. Theroux argued that these qualities eventually create poor husbands, sadists, and potentially rapists. Although this could happen, it is very unlikely that the majority of men with those characteristics will end up malicious and violent like Theroux stated. Mansfield’s approach to the deterioration of masculinity faulted women. He believed manliness is dubious as women over the years have been referred to with manly intentions. He felt that feminism has not only succeeded, but dominated current culture. For example, policemen and mailmen are no longer in existence, but rather they are police officers and mailpersons. Mansfield thought the concept of manliness had diminished to the point of becoming obsolete. He felt the concept of manliness, being strong, emotionless, and violent, cannot include women. He wanted women to continue to be meek, petit and frail; the direct opposite of what his ideal man is supposed to be. As a view from people who have rarely been referred to as masculine, many women are able to offer an unbiased honest opinion when it comes to the broad term of being manly. As someone who has never personally been associated with masculinity, I feel these readings present both current and outdated views on what manliness is. Both readings had a similar message of establishing man but they portray them in different ways. Theroux’s reading expressed how he felt uneasy, unsure, and apprehensive when it came to the term manly as he viewed it as degrading. As a woman’s perspective, I feel that the term manly is far from shameful or dishonourable. A manly man is something many women look for in a prospective partner as a shy, emotional, and weak male is undesirable. This is not because women are too concerned with physical appearance and mental capacity, but because women are wired to look for mates with these qualities. This dates back to days of cave men and women when language was limited and appearances were the only means of finding a mating partner. In my view, it appears that Theroux is attempting to understand the term â€Å"being a man† at face value while disregarding the fact, that not everyone associates a man with the qualities he has previously stated. In comparison to Theroux’s reading, Mansfield concentrated more on the aspect of how manly qualities are being given to women. Women are now able to take on the characteristics of being masculine and as a result, the definition of being a man has been altered and is unclear. Mansfield’s reading demonstrates a fear of being second-rate in comparison to female counter parts when in truth he has nothing to be concerned over. In my opinion, his panic of inferiority in unnecessary as women will always be considered the lesser sex. Regardless of how much effort is put into gender equality, women will always be initially seen as soft and sweet while men will be primarily viewed as rough and tough. Both Theroux and Mansfield refer to the same point but in different ways: Are men to just live with this degraded status? If women can take on the characteristics of being manly then what makes a man? Being manly is in no way considered a degraded status from my perspective, but a term of affection instead. As for women taking on characteristics of being manly, I feel they choose to be referred to masculine. It does not deteriorate the idea of men being manly but rather makes women much more like man. The authors have very old fashioned views of how a modern culture should be when they state: a male should be masculine and a female should be feminine.